{"id":708,"date":"2020-04-09T10:19:38","date_gmt":"2020-04-09T04:49:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.potentialloops.org\/?p=708"},"modified":"2020-04-09T10:19:40","modified_gmt":"2020-04-09T04:49:40","slug":"what-type-of-cells-does-the-novel-coronavirus-attack","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.potentialloops.org\/?p=708","title":{"rendered":"What type of cells does the novel coronavirus attack?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Date: April 7, 2020 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source 1: Berliner Institut f\u00fcr Gesundheitsforschung \/ Berlin Institute of Health <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source 2: www.sciencedaily.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Summary: Scientists have examined samples from non-virus infected patients to determine which cells of the lungs and bronchi are targets for novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Source : Newyork Times<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Scientists from the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charit\u00e9 — Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and the Thorax Clinic at Heidelberg University Hospital, whose collaboration is taking place under the auspices of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), have examined samples from non-virus infected patients to determine which cells of the lungs and bronchi are targets for novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection. They discovered that the receptor for this coronavirus is abundantly expressed in certain progenitor cells. These cells normally develop into respiratory tract cells lined with hair-like projections called cilia that sweep mucus and bacteria out of the lungs. The scientists have now published their findings in The EMBO Journal<\/em>. <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Professor Roland Eils and his colleagues from the Thorax Clinic in \nHeidelberg initially intended to study why lung cancer sometimes occurs \nin people who have never smoked. They began by analyzing samples of \ntwelve lung cancer patients. These samples were obtained from the \nHeidelberg Lung Biobank and came from both the cancerous part of the \nlungs and the surrounding healthy lung tissue. They also studied cells \nfrom the airways of healthy patients, which had been collected in a \nminimally invasive manner during a bronchoscopy examination performed to\n rule out lung cancer. The rapidly spreading coronavirus prompted the \nresearchers to take another look at these existing but so far \nunpublished data. “I was convinced that the data we gathered from these \nnon-coronavirus infected patients would provide important information \nfor understanding the viral infection,” says Roland Eils, founding \ndirector of the BIH Digital Health Center.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Infection requires receptors and cofactors<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“We wanted to find out which specific cells the coronavirus attacks,”\n explains Professor Christian Conrad, who also works at the BIH Digital \nHealth Center. The scientists knew, from studies by BIH Professor \nChristian Drosten, director of the Institute of Virology at Campus \nCharit\u00e9; Mitte, and by others, that the virus’s spike protein attaches \nto an ACE2 receptor on the cell surface. In addition, the virus needs \none or more cofactors for it to be able to penetrate cells. But which \ncells are endowed with such receptors and cofactors? Which cells in \nwhich part of the respiratory system are particularly susceptible to \nSARS-CoV-2 infection? Eils and his colleagues at the BIH and Charit\u00e9; \nnow used single-cell sequencing technology to examine the cells in the \nsamples from Heidelberg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

60,000 single cells were sequenced<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“We then analyzed a total of nearly 60,000 cells to determine whether\n they activated the gene for the receptor and potential cofactors, thus \nin principle allowing them to be infected by the coronavirus,” reports \nSoeren Lukassen, one of the lead authors of the study now being \npublished in The EMBO Journal<\/em>. “We only found the gene \ntranscripts for ACE2 and for the cofactor TMPRSS2 in very few cells, and\n only in very small numbers.” Lukassen and his four co-lead authors \nRobert Lorenz Chua, Timo Trefzer, Nicolas C. Kahn and Marc A. Schneider \ndiscovered that certain progenitor cells in the bronchi are mainly \nresponsible for producing the coronavirus receptors. These progenitor \ncells normally develop into respiratory tract cells lined with hair-like\n projections called cilia that sweep mucus and bacteria out of the \nlungs. “Armed with the knowledge of which cells are attacked, we can now\n develop targeted therapies,” explains Professor Michael Kreuter from \nthe Thorax Clinic at Heidelberg University Hospital.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why does the infection progress so differently?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

An interesting additional finding of the study was that the ACE2 \nreceptor density on the cells increased with age and was generally \nhigher in men than in women. “This was only a trend, but it could \nexplain why SARS-CoV-2 has infected more men than women,” Eils says. \nHowever, he points out, “our sample sizes are still much too small to \nmake conclusive statements, so we need to repeat the study in larger \npatient cohorts.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“These results show us that the virus acts in a highly selective \nmanner, and that it is dependent on certain human cells in order to \nspread and replicate,” Eils explains. “The better we understand the \ninteraction between the virus and its host, the better we will be able \nto develop effective counterstrategies.” He and the other researchers \nwill next study COVID 19 patients to ascertain whether the virus has \nactually infected these cells. “We want to understand why the infection \ntakes a benign course in some patients, while causing severe disease in \nothers,” Eils says. “So we will also look closely at the immune cells in\n the infected tissue.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tech firms provide expertise<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based on a high-performance technology solution designed by Intel, \nDell developed a hardware and system architecture that reduced the \nprocessing time needed to sequence the 60,000 single cells. Hannes \nSchwaderer, country manager of Intel Germany, explains: “There are many \nthings we don’t know about the coronavirus. This research project and \nthe next steps require enormous computing resources. That’s exactly \nwhere our expertise can help.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BIH is supporting COVID-19 research<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) is helping advance research into the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, through a targeted program. Professor Axel R. Pries, interim Chairman of the BIH Executive Board and Dean of Charit\u00e9 — Universit\u00e4tsmedizin, stresses: “In light of the global threat posed by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we as researchers have a duty to marshal all of our scientific knowledge to understand the virus and its infection strategies as well as the disease progression of COVID-19 patients. Only so can we better identify high-risk patients and develop new therapies and vaccines. Every contribution towards this effort makes a difference.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story Source:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials<\/a> provided by Berliner Institut f\u00fcr Gesundheitsforschung \/ Berlin Institute of Health<\/strong><\/a>. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Journal Reference<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Soeren Lukassen, Robert Lorenz Chua, Timo Trefzer, Nicolas C. Kahn, \nMarc A. Schneider, Thomas Muley, Hauke Winter, Michael Meister, Carmen \nVeith, Agnes W. Boots, Bianca P. Hennig, Michael Kreuter, Christian \nConrad & Roland Eils. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells<\/strong>. EMBO Journal<\/em>, 2020 DOI: 10.15252\/embj.20105114<\/a>\n<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Thanks to www.sciencedaily.com<\/a>. For the Sources.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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