{"id":744,"date":"2020-04-27T10:57:01","date_gmt":"2020-04-27T05:27:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.potentialloops.org\/?p=744"},"modified":"2020-04-27T10:57:03","modified_gmt":"2020-04-27T05:27:03","slug":"key-nose-cells-identified-as-likely-covid-19-virus-entry-points","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.potentialloops.org\/?p=744","title":{"rendered":"Key nose cells identified as likely COVID-19 virus entry points"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Human Cell Atlas study could help understand transmission of the virus <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Date: April 23, 2020 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source 1: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source 2: www.sciencedaily.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Summary: Two specific nose cell types have been identified as likely initial infection points for COVID-19 coronavirus. Scientists discovered that goblet and ciliated cells in the nose have high levels of the entry proteins that the COVID-19 virus uses to get into our cells, which could help explain the high rate of transmission. The study with Human Cell Atlas Lung Biological Network found cells in the eye and some other organs also contain the viral-entry proteins. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
SARS-CoV-2 illustration (stock image).
Credit: \u00a9 dermatzke \/ Adobe Stock<\/a><\/em>
www.sciencedaily.com<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Two specific cell types in the nose have been identified as likely initial infection points for COVID-19 coronavirus. Scientists discovered that goblet and ciliated cells in the nose have high levels of the entry proteins that the COVID-19 virus uses to get into our cells. The identification of these cells by researchers from the Wellcome Sanger Institute, University Medical Centre Groningen, University Cote d’Azur and CNRS, Nice and their collaborators, as part of the Human Cell Atlas Lung Biological Network, could help explain the high transmission rate of COVID-19. <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Reported today (23rd April) in Nature Medicine<\/em>, this first \npublication with the Lung Biological Network is part of an ongoing \ninternational effort to use Human Cell Atlas data to understand \ninfection and disease. It further shows that cells in the eye and some \nother organs also contain the viral-entry proteins. The study also \npredicts how a key entry protein is regulated with other immune system \ngenes and reveals potential targets for the development of treatments to\n reduce transmission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Novel coronavirus disease — COVID-19 — affects the lungs and \nairways. Patient’s symptoms can be flu-like, including fever, coughing \nand sore throat, while some people may not experience symptoms but still\n have transmissible virus. In the worst cases, the virus causes \npneumonia that can ultimately lead to death. The virus is thought to be \nspread through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person \ncoughs or sneezes, and appears to be easily transmitted within affected \nareas. So far the virus has spread to more than 184 countries and \nclaimed more than 180,000 lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scientists around the world are trying to understand exactly how the \nvirus spreads, to help prevent transmission and develop a vaccine. While\n it is known that the virus that causes COVID-19 disease, known as \nSARS-CoV-2, uses a similar mechanism to infect our cells as a related \ncoronavirus that caused the 2003 SARS epidemic, the exact cell types \ninvolved in the nose had not previously been pinpointed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To discover which cells could be involved in COVID-19 transmission, \nresearchers analysed multiple Human Cell Atlas (HCA) consortium datasets\n of single cell RNA sequencing, from more than 20 different tissues of \nnon-infected people. These included cells from the lung, nasal cavity, \neye, gut, heart, kidney and liver. The researchers looked for which \nindividual cells expressed both of two key entry proteins that are used \nby the COVID-19 virus to infect our cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr Waradon Sungnak, the first author on the paper from Wellcome \nSanger Institute, said: “We found that the receptor protein — ACE2 — \nand the TMPRSS2 protease that can activate SARS-CoV-2 entry are \nexpressed in cells in different organs, including the cells on the inner\n lining of the nose. We then revealed that mucus-producing goblet cells \nand ciliated cells in the nose had the highest levels of both these \nCOVID-19 virus proteins, of all cells in the airways. This makes these \ncells the most likely initial infection route for the virus.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr Martijn Nawijn, from the University Medical Center Groningen in \nthe Netherlands, said, on behalf of the HCA Lung Biological Network: \n“This is the first time these particular cells in the nose have been \nassociated with COVID-19. While there are many factors that contribute \nto virus transmissibility, our findings are consistent with the rapid \ninfection rates of the virus seen so far. The location of these cells on\n the surface of the inside of the nose make them highly accessible to \nthe virus, and also may assist with transmission to other people.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The two key entry proteins ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were also found in cells \nin the cornea of the eye and in the lining of the intestine. This \nsuggests another possible route of infection via the eye and tear ducts,\n and also revealed a potential for fecal-oral transmission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When cells are damaged or fighting an infection, various immune genes\n are activated. The study showed that ACE2 receptor production in the \nnose cells is probably switched on at the same time as these other \nimmune genes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The work was carried out as part of the global Human Cell Atlas \nconsortium which aims to create reference maps of all human cells to \nunderstand health and disease. More than 1,600 people across 70 \ncountries are involved in the HCA community, and the data is openly \navailable to scientists worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr Sarah Teichmann, a senior author from the Wellcome Sanger \nInstitute and co-chair of the HCA Organising Committee, said: “As we’re \nbuilding the Human Cell Atlas it is already being used to understand \nCOVID-19 and identify which of our cells are critical for initial \ninfection and transmission. This information can be used to better \nunderstand how coronavirus spreads. Knowing which exact cell types are \nimportant for virus transmission also provides a basis for developing \npotential treatments to reduce the spread of the virus.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The global HCA Lung Biological Network continues to analyse the data \nin order to provide further insights into the cells and targets likely \nto be involved in COVID-19, and to relate them to patient \ncharacteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Professor Sir Jeremy Farrar, Director of Wellcome, said: “By pinpointing the exact characteristics of every single cell type, the Human Cell Atlas is helping scientists to diagnose, monitor and treat diseases including COVID-19 in a completely new way. Researchers around the world are working at an unprecedented pace to deepen our understanding of COVID-19, and this new research is testament to this. Collaborating across borders and openly sharing research is crucial to developing effective diagnostics, treatments and vaccines quickly, ensuring no country is left behind.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story Source:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials<\/a> provided by Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute<\/strong><\/a>. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

www.sciencedaily.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Journal Reference<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Waradon Sungnak, Ni Huang, Christophe B\u00e9cavin, Marijn Berg, Rachel \nQueen, Monika Litvinukova, Carlos Talavera-L\u00f3pez, Henrike Maatz, Daniel \nReichart, Fotios Sampaziotis, Kaylee B. Worlock, Masahiro Yoshida, \nJosephine L. Barnes. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes<\/strong>. Nature Medicine<\/em>, 2020; DOI: 10.1038\/s41591-020-0868-6<\/a>\n<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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