{"id":780,"date":"2020-05-11T12:37:26","date_gmt":"2020-05-11T07:07:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.potentialloops.org\/?p=780"},"modified":"2020-05-11T12:37:28","modified_gmt":"2020-05-11T07:07:28","slug":"repurposing-existing-drugs-for-covid-19-offers-a-more-rapid-alternative-to-a-vaccine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.potentialloops.org\/?p=780","title":{"rendered":"Repurposing existing drugs for COVID-19 offers a more rapid alternative to a vaccine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Date: May 7, 2020 <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Source 1: University of Cambridge <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Source 2: www.sciencedaily.com<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Summary: Repurposing existing medicines focused on known drug targets is likely to offer a more rapid hope of tackling COVID-19 than developing and manufacturing a vaccine, argue an international team of scientists. <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Repurposing existing medicines focused on \nknown drug targets is likely to offer a more rapid hope of tackling \nCOVID-19 than developing and manufacturing a vaccine, argue an \ninternational team of scientists in the British Journal of Pharmacology<\/em> today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in late 2019, more than \n3.5 million people are known to have been infected, leading to over \n240,000 deaths worldwide from COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel \ncoronavirus. The race is on to find new drugs to treat COVID-19 patients\n and to develop a vaccine to prevent infection in the first place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A team of researchers representing the International Union of Basic \nand Clinical Pharmacology today say there will be no ‘magic bullet’ to \ntreat the disease and argue that a multi-pronged approach is needed to \nfind new drugs. They caution that an effective and scalable vaccine is \nlikely to take over a year before it can used to tackle the global \npandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When a virus enters our body, unless we have already developed \nimmunity from previous infection or vaccination, it will break into our \ncells, hijacking their machinery and using it to replicate and spread \nthroughout the body. Often, the symptoms we see are a result of our \nimmune system fighting back in an attempt to clear the infection. In \nsevere cases, this immune response can become overactive, potentially \nleading to a so-called cytokine storm, causing collateral damage to \norgans along the way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Any drug to treat COVID-19 will need to focus on the three key \nstages of infection: preventing the virus entering our cells in the \nfirst place, stopping it replicating if it gets inside the cells, and \nreducing the damage that occurs to our tissues, in this case, the lungs \nand heart,” said Professor Anthony Davenport from the University of \nCambridge, one of the authors of the review.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The review looks at potential therapeutic drug targets – the chinks \nin the virus’s own armour or weak spots in the body’s defences. Two key \ntargets appear to be proteins on the surface of our cells, to which \nSARS-CoV-2 binds allowing it entry – ACE2 and TMPRSS2. TMPRSS2 appears \nto be very common on cells, whereas ACE2 is usually present at low \nlevels that increase depending on sex, age, and smoking history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“As we know these two proteins play a role in this coronavirus \ninfection, we can focus on repurposing drugs that already have \nregulatory approval or are in the late stages of clinical trials,” said \nProfessor Davenport. “These treatments will have already been shown to \nbe safe and so, if they can now be shown to be effective in COVID-19, \nthey could be brought to clinical use relatively quickly.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One promising candidate is remdesivir, a drug originally developed \nfor Ebola. Although clinical trials found it to be insufficiently \neffective at treating Ebola, clinical trials in the USA have suggested \nthe drug may be beneficial for treating patients hospitalised with \nCOVID-19, and the FDA has now approved it for emergency use. There have \nalso been promising findings from studies of monoclonal antibodies, but \nthis type of drug is expensive to produce and therefore less likely to \nbe scalable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“While we’re waiting for a vaccine, drugs currently being used to \ntreat other illnesses can be investigated as treatments for COVID-19 – \nin other words repurposed,” said Dr Steve Alexander from the University \nof Nottingham.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“There’s unlikely to be a single magic bullet – we will probably need\n several drugs in our armoury, some that will need be used in \ncombination with others. The important thing is that these drugs are \ncheap to produce and easy to manufacture. That way, we can ensure access\n to affordable drugs across the globe, not just for wealthier nations.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The team say that we need to move quickly to identify existing drugs \nthat are effective in clinical trials so that we can begin treating \npatients as rapidly as possible, but also because cases are likely to \nfall during the summer meaning there will be fewer people who can be \nrecruited to clinical trials ahead of an anticipated second wave of the \ndisease in autumn. They estimate there are currently more than 300 \nclinical trials taking place worldwide, though many of these \ninvestigational drugs are unlikely to be effective for widespread use \nbecause either it is not clear which part of the disease pathway they \nare targeting or they cause unpleasant side-effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They also advise patience for the promise of developing an effective \nvaccine against the virus anytime soon. Even after a new vaccine \ncandidate has been shown to offer immunity against the coronavirus in \nhumans, it needs to be tested in larger numbers of people to ensure it \nis safe to use. Manufacturing and distributing a vaccine at the scale \nneeded to tackle this pandemic will also present significant challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Although there are a lot of vaccines being developed around the \nworld, which we hope will be successful, it’s still going to take a long\n time before those vaccines are shown to be effective and can be \nmanufactured at the scale needed to make an impact,” said Dr Steve \nAlexander.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Some of the vaccines may not work, so the more drugs that can be \ntested and the more we know about the targets, the more likely we are to\n get something which is effective. The very specificity of vaccines \nmeans they are limited in which viruses they can neutralise. The lessons\n we learn and the drugs we generate will hopefully provide a greater \ndegree of protection, not just against the COVID-19 virus, but also \nagainst the next viral threat.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Professor Davenport is a member of the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, and a Fellow at St Catharine’s College.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story Source:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials<\/a> provided by University of Cambridge<\/strong><\/a>. The original story is licensed under a Creative Commons License<\/a>. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

www.sciencedaily.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Journal Reference<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. S.P.H. Alexander, J. Armstrong, A.P. Davenport, J. Davies, E. \nFaccenda, S.D. Harding, F. Levi\u2010Schaffer, J.J. Maguire, A.J. Pawson, C. \nSouthan, M.J. Spedding. A rational roadmap for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\/COVID\u201019 pharmacotherapeutic research and development<\/strong>. British Journal of Pharmacology<\/em>, 2020; DOI: 10.1111\/bph.15094<\/a>\n<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Date: May 7, 2020 Source 1: University of Cambridge Source 2: www.sciencedaily.com Summary: Repurposing existing medicines focused on known drug targets is likely to offer a more rapid hope of tackling COVID-19 than developing and manufacturing a vaccine, argue an international team of scientists. 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