{"id":797,"date":"2020-05-18T10:10:15","date_gmt":"2020-05-18T04:40:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.potentialloops.org\/?p=797"},"modified":"2020-05-18T10:10:17","modified_gmt":"2020-05-18T04:40:17","slug":"detailed-analysis-of-immune-response-to-sars-cov-2-bodes-well-for-covid-19-vaccine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.potentialloops.org\/?p=797","title":{"rendered":"Detailed analysis of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 bodes well for COVID-19 vaccine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Date: May 15, 2020 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source 1: La Jolla Institute for Immunology <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source 2: www.sciencedaily.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Summary: A new study documents a robust antiviral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in a group of 20 adults who had recovered from COVID-19. The findings show that the body’s immune system is able to recognize SARS-CoV-2 in many ways, dispelling fears that the virus may elude ongoing efforts to create an effective vaccine. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scientists around the world are racing to \ndevelop a vaccine to protect against COVID-19 infection, and \nepidemiologists are trying to predict how the coronavirus pandemic will \nunfold until such a vaccine is available. Yet, both efforts are \nsurrounded by unresolved uncertainty whether the immune system can mount\n a substantial and lasting response to SARS-CoV-2 and whether exposure \nto circulating common cold coronaviruses provides any kind of protective\n immunity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A collaboration between the labs of Alessandro Sette, Dr. Biol. Sci. \nand Shane Crotty, Ph.D., at La Jolla Institute for Immunology is \nstarting to fill in the massive knowledge gap with good news for vaccine\n developers and is providing the first cellular immunology data to help \nguide social distancing recommendations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Published in today’s online edition of Cell<\/em>, the study \ndocuments a robust antiviral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in a group of\n 20 adults who had recovered from COVID-19. The findings show that the \nbody’s immune system is able to recognize SARS-CoV-2 in many ways, \ndispelling fears that the virus may elude ongoing efforts to create an \neffective vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“If we had seen only marginal immune responses, we would have been \nconcerned,” says Sette, a professor in the Center for Infectious Disease\n and Vaccine Research, and adds, “but what we see is a very robust T \ncell response against the spike protein, which is the target of most \nongoing COVID-19 efforts, as well as other viral proteins. These \nfindings are really good news for vaccine development.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“All efforts to predict the best vaccine candidates and fine-tune \npandemic control measures hinge on understanding the immune response to \nthe virus,” says Crotty, also a professor in the Center for Infectious \nDisease and Vaccine Research. “People were really worried that COVID-19 \ndoesn’t induce immunity, and reports about people getting re-infected \nreinforced these concerns, but knowing now that the average person makes\n a solid immune response should largely put those concerns to rest.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In an earlier study, Sette and his team had used bioinformatics tools\n to predict which fragments of SARS-CoV-2 are capable of activating \nhuman T cells. The scientists then, in this newest research, tested \nwhether T cells isolated from adults who had recovered from COVID-19 \nwithout major problems, recognized the predicted protein fragments, or \nso-called peptides, from the virus itself. The scientists pooled the \npeptides into two big groups: The first so-called mega-pool included \npeptides covering all proteins in the viral genome apart from \nSARS-CoV-2’s “spike” protein. The second mega-pool specifically focused \non the spike protein that dots the surface of the virus, since almost \nall of the vaccines under development right now target this coronavirus \nspike protein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“We specifically chose to study people who had a normal disease \ncourse and didn’t require hospitalization to provide a solid benchmark \nfor what a normal immune response looks like, since the virus can do \nsome very unusual things in some people,” says Sette.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The researchers found that all COVID-19 patients had a solid CD4, or \n“helper,” T cell response, which helps antibody production. Almost all \npatients had produced virus-specific CD8, or “killer,” T cells, which \neliminate virus-infected cells. “Our data show that the virus induces \nwhat you would expect from a typical, successful antiviral response,” \nsays Crotty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And, although these results don’t preclude that the immune response \nto SARS-CoV-2 may be detrimental, they provide an important baseline \nagainst which individuals’ immune responses can be compared; or, as \nSette likes to put it, “if you can get a picture of something, you can \ndiscuss whether you like it or not but if there’s no picture there’s \nnothing to discuss.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“We have a solid starting foundation to now ask whether there’s a \ndifference in the type of immune response in people who have severe \noutcomes and require hospitalization versus people who can recover at \nhome or are even asymptomatic,” adds Sette. “But not only that, we now \nhave an important tool to determine whether the immune response in \npeople who have received an experimental vaccine resembles what you \nwould expect to see in a protective immune response to COVID-19, as \nopposed to an insufficient or detrimental response.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The teams also looked at the T cell response in blood samples that \nhad been collected between 2015 and 2018, before SARS-CoV-2 started \ncirculating. Many of these individuals had significant T cell reactivity\n against SARS-CoV-2, although they had never been exposed to SARS-CoV-2.\n But everybody has almost certainly seen at least three of the four \ncommon cold coronaviruses, which could explain the observed \ncrossreactivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is still unclear, though, whether the observed crossreactivity \nprovides at least some level of preexisting immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and \ntherefore could explain why some people or geographical locations are \nhit harder by COVID-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ac\u00ac”Given the severity of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, any degree of\n cross-reactive coronavirus immunity could have a very substantial \nimpact on the overall course of the pandemic and is a key detail to \nconsider for epidemiologists as they try to scope out how severely \nCOVID-19 will affect communities in the coming months,” says Crotty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The work was funded by the NIH NIAID (AI142742, AI135078, AI007036, \nAI00738475N9301900065, and U19 AI118626), the Bill and Melinda Gates \nFoundation, the Johnathan and Mary Tu Foundation and internal LJI \ninstitutional funds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Story Source:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materials<\/a> provided by La Jolla Institute for Immunology<\/strong><\/a>. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

www.sciencedaily.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Journal Reference<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Alba Grifoni, Daniela Weiskopf, Sydney I. Ramirez, Jose Mateus, \nJennifer M. Dan, Carolyn Rydyznski Moderbacher, Stephen A. Rawlings, \nAaron Sutherland, Lakshmanane Premkumar, Ramesh S. Jadi, Daniel Marrama,\n Aravinda M. de Silva, April Frazier, Aaron Carlin, Jason A. Greenbaum, \nBjoern Peters, Florian Krammer, Davey M. Smith, Shane Crotty, Alessandro\n Sette. Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals<\/strong>. Cell<\/em>, May 14, 2020; DOI: 10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015<\/a>\n<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Date: May 15, 2020 Source 1: La Jolla Institute for Immunology Source 2: www.sciencedaily.com Summary: A new study documents a robust antiviral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in a group of 20 adults who had recovered from COVID-19. 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